The Advantages and Disadvantages of Community Service - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1352 Downloads: 23 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Community Essay Did you like this example? The advantages and disadvantages of Community service or social service as modes of criminal punishment. Community service or social service is a mode of punishment provide by the law which the offender can escape imprisonment or fines. Community service acts as an alternative to the harsh criminal punishment. Generally, community service is handed down by a judge or magistrate to the first-timer offender or teenage offender. This punishment can also be handed down in the case of minor offences for example traffic violations, petty theft, and other nonviolent offenses. The offender is required to perform unpaid work or other activity in the community under the direction of a probation officer or supervisor. Among the community work undergo by the offender are cleaning up roadside or parks, attending educational programs and presenting speeches and seminars concerning the negative effect of crime. The community work may be a specific community service which imposed a partic ular service, depending on the types and degrees of the offences. For instance, offender of littering will have to clean a park so that he understands the effect of littering, thus change his perception towards littering. Meaning to say, community service is designed to ensure that the guilty party is punished in some way other than simply paying a fine which can be nothing in the way of a deterrent. Many individuals convicted of a crime and have to pay a fine simply done the same offence again and this leads only to their continual committing of crime. The community service is imposed for a specific period which measured by hour of service. The hours imposed is vary, depending on the nature of the offence. Community service is a healthy alternative mode of punishment and has lots of advantages. It is seen to benefit a country and the government in so many ways. Firstly, community service provide for less expensive punishment compared to imprisonment. It takes a lot of money t o send a person to jail. In United Kingdom, it costs ? 100 per day to keep a low-risk drug-addicted offender in jail and ? 37,500 for sending a person to prison for one year. In contrast, only ? 3,000 is needed to send a person to one year of community rehabilitation order. On average, sending a person to prison is 12 times higher than sending a person to community service. Prisons around the world are facing the same problem which is overcrowding prison. More prisoners means more foods and more security is needed. The increase in the numbers of prisoners subsequently increases the cost for running the prison. So, based on the facts, community service is a great way to cut government cost on punishing offenders as it provide for the less expensive approach with similar effect and helps in reducing the overcrowding problem in prison. Consequently, the money saved can be used for development thus improve the living of the country. Secondly, community service is healthier than im prisonment. This is because, community service offer help to the offenders to rehabilitate themselves more effectively than in prison. This is mainly because; by community service the offenders are able to give something back to the community as prove that they have change. By doing so, the offenders will have small risk of reoffending neither in the number of crimes nor the seriousness of the crimes. If the offender is stuck in the 6? 8 feet cell, the offender will have limited resources to help him rehabilitate. Furthermore, putting a first time offender with minor offence in the same room with big time criminal for quite sometimes will negatively affect the first time offender in term of his thinking towards crimes. So, separating the offender is a way to avoid an escalation in deviant behavior when new offenders are mixed with hardened criminals. Next, community service benefits the courts as it provide sentencing alternatives for the courts in making judgment so the courts a re not bound to only impose imprisonment or fines. Moreover, the offenders will be placed where their skills and interest can be maximized for community benefit. By doing so, the offenders have greater chances to rehabilitate and repel. It will also help in preventing and reducing the social stigma toward the offenders. Social stigma can be defined as severe social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are perceived to be against cultural norms. In this context, social stigma can be referred to the negative perception of the public toward the offenders. Protection from social stigma is important for young and new offenders as it help to build confident for rehabilitate purpose. Social stigma has great potential in forcing the offenders to commit the same or other serious offences. Community service provides a just punishment to the offenders. In cases which involve monetary penalty, for instances fine, compensation or restitution, it is not practical to fine a person who does not have the capacity to pay the fine due to financial problem such as limited salary. This is where community service comes in as incapability to pay the fine is not an excuse to escape punishment. However despite the advantages, such punishment has defects of its own. Community service is often being regarded as a waste of time. This is because the time taken for the offenders to complete a service is too long and sometimes unreasonable. For example, a traffic offender needs to work unpaid for 100 hours over a $100 fines. This situation is seen to be an impractical and unproductive method in favor of the offender because the time use for the work can be used for the offender to improve his living. Moreover, the long hours of community service may affect the offender normal life as he needs to juggle his life with the service. Community service is not an adequate punishment for the offenders. This is because community service is not harsh enough to educate a nd rehabilitate the offenders compare to imprisonment. Community service is only seen as a ticket to escape imprisonment. Many argued that offences punishable with community service do not really ample together. In some cases, the punishment of community service imposed is to kind towards the offenders. Such punishment will only result the offenders to re-offence as the consequences of the guilty act are minor. Then, the administration of community service requires administrative oversight that may exceed the capacity of the non-governmental organizations to provide. If the agencies of community service where the offenders serve do not have the capacity to provide required punishment, the rehabilitation of the offenders will be affected. Thus little chances of recovery for the offenders and later lead to re-offending. Community service sends the offenders back to public as a method of rehabilitate them. However, the public exposure may result in stigmatization towards the offende rs. Negative perception from public will affect the offenders’ psychology in recovering from the offences. It will bring the morale and confident of the offenders down. At the time of recovering, confident and support of the community are important for successful recovery. Unfortunately, community service will expose the offenders to public and the higher the risk of stigmatization. In conclusion, community service can be seen as great method of punishment as it gives the offenders the opportunity to give something back to the community. In addition, it’s a way to saving cost related with incarceration of the convict and a way to educate convicts on what constitutes ethically acceptable. However, this criminal punishment need to be reviewed before imposing it as it only act as an alternative for other punishment such as imprisonment and fine. It also needs some enhancement to be more effective and efficient alternatives. [ 1 ]. www. lawandparents. co. uk/communi ty-sentences [ 2 ]. Haringey Youth: Community punishment and rehabilitation orders [ 3 ]. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia: Community Service [ 4 ]. Community sentences cut crime: Howard League for Penal Reform [ 5 ]. Community sentences cut crime: Howard League for Penal Reform [ 6 ]. Enhancement of Community-Based Alternatives to Incarceration at the Sentencing Stage of the Criminal Justice Process [ 7 ]. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia: Social Stigma [ 8 ]. Enhancement of Community-Based Alternatives to Incarceration at the Sentencing Stage of the Criminal Justice Process [ 9 ]. www. mops. gov. il/CommunityServiceAsPunishment44_45 [ 10 ]. www. mops. gov. il/CommunityServiceAsPunishment44_45 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Community Service" essay for you Create order

Over The Past 30 Years, There Has Been A 50-60% Increase

Over the past 30 years, there has been a 50-60% increase in the rates of the diagnosis of ADHD (Conrad Potter, 2000). ADHD has become of of the most diagnosed disorder in children and accounts for 30% of mental health referrals (Conrad Potter, 2000). What started as a disorder that was not even considered a disorder to society 100 years ago, ADHD has become one of the main reasons to justify a child’s abnormal or deviant behaviour in school (Searight McLaren, 1998). The increased rates have sparked many debates about whether there is a real epidemic of ADHD, or if it is something encouraged by society. This essay will argue that the rates of ADHD has increased as a result of ADHD becoming more medicalized. The increasing†¦show more content†¦However, some of these symptoms for this disorder are just regular behaviours children experience because they are young. An example of an ADHD symptom that children might experience everyday is actually the main symptom of ADH D: Hyperactivity. All kids are hyper when they are young, it’s how they express themselves (Searight McLaren, 1998). We’re framing normal behaviour some children might experience as a medical disorder and we’re making it seem like the child needs to be fixed. Increasing the symptoms a child might exhibit and decreasing the symptoms needed for a child to be diagnosed with the disorder ultimately causes the rates of ADHD to sky rocket because more people now qualify for the disorder. When a child is diagnosed with ADHD, the primary treatment is by using drugs provided by Pharmaceutical Companies. ADHD has brought in a lot of business for these Pharmaceutical Companies. In 1990, drugs to treat ADHD brought in $1.7 Billion Dollars. In 2012, they brought in approximately $9 billion, 5 times more than in 1990 (Conrad Bergev, 2014). Recent years have witnessed direct advertising from Pharmaceutical Companies to consumers of prescription medications, including antide pressants, antihypertensives, and more than the others, drugs to treat ADHD (Searight McLaren, 1998). The advertisements include information that are beyond public education about available pharmacotherapy, which deceives consumers into thinking these Pharmaceutical Companies know asShow MoreRelatedThe Missing Piece Program Will Be Determined Successful Or Unsuccessful1327 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication category, the program manager will document a 20 in the next column. The program manager will continue the same process for all 60 questionnaires (30 experimental group and 30 control group). The last step in figuring out the data analysis is by finding the percentage of the experimental group and the control group, to see if they made progress within the 30 weeks. The program director will use the percentages of the experimental group to determine if each research questions were successfulRead MoreLogan Airport Case Study Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesplane: Λ = 50 | Λ = 55 | Λ = 59 | 6.54 minutes | 12.52 minutes | 60.5 minutes | Delay costs: Turboprop: Λ = 50 6.54min*($352 + 65%load*15passengers*$30.9)/60 = $71.20 Λ = 55 12.52min*($352 + 65%load*15passengers*$30.9)/60 = $136.31 Λ = 59 60.5min*($352 + 65%load*15passengers*$30.9)/60 = $658.72 Regional jet: Λ = 50 6.54min*($672 + 65%*50passengers*$30.9)/60 = $182.71 Λ = 55 12.52min*($672 + 65%*50passengers*$30.9)/60 = $349.78 Λ = 59 60.5min*(672 + 65%*50passengers*$30.9)/60 = $1690Read MoreObesity Is A Major Health Problem1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe obesity is a major health problem in the United States, the obesity means an excess amount of fat of human body due to genetic and environmental factors. The measuring tool of obesity is the body mass index, the obese persona has a body mass index of 30 or more. Also, the waist circumference is another tool used to measure obesity, for obese women the waist circumference of 35 inches or more, and for obese men, the waist circumference is 40 inches or more. The complications of obesity are highRead MoreManagerial Economics1517 Words   |  7 PagesP7.6 Optimal Input Mix. The First National Bank received 3,000 inquiries following the latest advertisement describing its 30-month IRA accounts in the Boston World, a local newspaper. The most recent ad in a similar advertising campaign in Massachusetts Business, a regional business magazine, generated 1,000 inquiries. Each newspaper ad costs $500, whereas each magazine ad costs $125. A. Assuming that additional ads would generate similar response rates, is the bank running an optimal mix of newspaperRead MoreThe Age of Elderlyin Iran is Changing1826 Words   |  7 PagesBackground: The population ageing phenomenon has started in many of developing countries like Iran. Most developed countries have accepted the age of â€Å"65† years as a definition of â€Å"elderly†, but some developing countries like Iran consider the age of â€Å"60†. We aimed to compare the physical and mental health of people who aged 60-64 years with those who aged 65-69 years in order to determine if the definition of elderly in our country is true. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted betweenRead MoreThe Performance Enhancing Drug Scandal1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe largest Performance Enhancing Drug scandal, in baseball, all started over a debt owed to Porter Fischer in 2013. Fischer worked for Tony Bosch who owned a clinic called Biogenesis of America, which specialized in weight loss and hormone replacement therapy. When Bosch did not pay back his debt to Fischer, Fischer became angry and wanted revenge. This is when Porter stole documents from Tony to get his revenge by letting the world know who â€Å"Dr. Tony Bosch,† is what he called himself even thoughRead MoreThe Problem Of Falling Birth Rates Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagespeople were over 65 age because of the diseases. In 1956, 40% of all deaths were among chidren under 5 years old. In 1997, 17.3 million people died because of infectious and parasitic disseases. 29 million people have parkinson, from 4 to 5 thousand people have MS (multpl skleroz). There are many uncountable conditions like these. At the present, in 2016, there are cures that can save peoples lives. If people keep finding cures for the disseases, the population of the world will increase quicklyRead MoreIndia s Impact On India Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the Information technology sector has really taken-off and boomed up due to various factors such as enormous funding, alliance activities, revolutionarising technology and a rapid increasing domestic market. India had 3100 startups in 2014, its being predicted to increase to 12000 by 2020. The startups in the IT sector has a large contribution in number of startups. The IT sector mainly includes the startups based on Consumer Internet, ads, payments, analytics, cloud services, SaaSRead MoreThe Decline Of A Fall1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion by the year 2050. The astounding fact is that approximately eighty percent (80%) will be living in developing countries. A ‘senior citizen’ or ‘older adult’ is defined as a person aged 65 years and older. This is the fastest growing population around the world. An estimated 30% of people aged 65 years or older are living in the community in their own homes. (WHO, 2011). These are some of the reported fall rates of older adults, in the US, 30% of individuals aged 65 years and older fallRead MoreAging Reflection1636 Words   |  7 Pagesmay vary from one person to another.As for me, I mean this happiness means different things for me, such as, i hope my parents have good health, i hope my friends happy everyday and so many things around me. I honestly wish that were the case. Over the past year, i have had a significant amount of time to think about why i feel the way i do about the components of my life, i always ask myself what do i want through my life. In doing so i believe that my family is my most valuable entity. Because my

Business Plan Strategies

Question: An Entrepreneurial Venture - groups are to develop an entrepreneurial product or service that could be commercialised ? Answer: Introduction This business plan is about a start up company called Johnson Group is about to launch their new product in the current business environment. This product named as W-plus and will have several innovative features in the mobile segment. All the detailed analysis of the product will be discussed in accordance to the background of the product, mission, vision, marketing mix and financial plan that can be implemented and evaluated by the start-up company (Fletcher, 2012). 1. Background of the idea The product that the start up company will be launching is a mobile phone that can be acted like a bracelet and with innovative features. This is a niche market and unique product that can cater a wide range of customers. The customers will be attracted with such a new product as there is a huge demand for advanced mobile technologies in the current business environment (Lagarde, 2013). Adding to this, many electronic companies are launching new innovative products, therefore, it will be easier for the company to commercialise and market this product in all types of market and in the all segments of customers. Moreover, the company can also be able to create a blue ocean strategy that will further help the company to gather a huge market share. 2. Mission The main mission of the product of the company is to create brand equity of its product and also to create a brand image of the company. Apart from this, the company will target to increase an awareness of the product among its customers in the market. This mission of the company will be directed by the long term vision of the company. This mission and vision of the company will be targeted to achieve by planning of short term and long term goals and objectives of the business organization. This mission of the company will be directed and evaluated by the marketing mix and product mix designed for the product of the company (Birt, 2013). 3. Product offered to the customers The product that is being offered to the customers is a bracelet mobile phone. The consumers of the product can use this product as a style statement also. Apart from this, the size of the product is extremely small so that is easily carried by the customers. Adding to this, the product also has a wireless Bluetooth technology that will make the customers feel free to use the product. Moreover, the product can be used as wrist watch by the buyers and consumers. Therefore, it can be said that the product W-plus will have 3-in-1 features within itself. The main segment of the customers of this product is the youths of the society. This is the main reason why the company will design the colour of the product in four different colours. The colours are black, blue, brown and purple. The choice of colour plays an effective part in the psychology of the consumers (Fuchs, 2012). For this reason, the company will select all the colours of youth to cater the segments of the customers and consumers. Apart from this, the product is an on-street chargeable product and it has several features of a mobile phone. It has expandable memory of 16 GB and a 5 megapixel camera. The battery backup is 650mm and will have an operating system of Android Kitkat. Initially the product will be launched in the market segment of the Australia. This is the overview of the product W-plus that will be designed by the company. 4. Market analysis Before launching a new product, every business organization needs to analyse the market in which the company is about to operate. A proper analysis of the overall market will further help the company to judge the strength and weakness of its competitors and to have an overview of the consumer behaviour in the market segment (Lagarde, 2013). Therefore, the company Johnson Group need to perform an industry and competitor analysis before launching the product. 4.1 Industry analysis An appropriate analysis of the industry of the product W-plus can be evaluated with the help of the porters five forces analysis (Pamorama.net, 2015). This can be explained with the help of the following figure. Fig 1: Porters five forces model (Source: Aaker, 2013, p.52) Power of bargaining of the consumers- The overall bargaining power of the consumers will be low even though the product and the company is completely new in the product. This is mainly because the product offers many innovative features with advanced technology to the customers of the product. The customers mainly the youths are technologically freak and the design and features of the product will drive the customers towards the product. Power of bargaining of the suppliers- The respective suppliers of the business organization will have a power of bargaining regarding the product. This is mainly because the product is new in the market and the company is a start up company. Due to lack of resources, the suppliers of the company will get an opportunity to bargain with the company regarding the supply of raw materials to the company (Birt, 2013). New entrants threat- The business organization Johnson Group will face a huge challenge from the threat of new entrants. This is mainly because the mobile segment rather than the electronic segment is easily imitable. Therefore, there is a huge possibility that the product will be copied by the existing competitors in the current business scenario. Threats from the new substitutes- The business organization will face an intense threat from the substitutes of the market. There are few products available in the market with similar features (Fletcher, 2012). Therefore, the company needs to take various steps to minimize challenge. Industry competition- The business organization will face a tough competition from the existing competitors in the mobile phone segment. Therefore, the organization must evaluate separate strategic plans to counter the competitors from the current market. Therefore, it can be said that the organization Johnson group needs to implement its business strategic plans in accordance to the industry analysis done and evaluated with the help of porters five forces (Meng, 2012). Apart from this, it can be said that in the mobile phone segment, Apple has the highest market share, followed by Samsung and HTC. But, it can be also infers that the company is based on blue ocean strategy. Therefore, it can be said the main competitor of the organization is Apple. On the contrary, Apple do not have any bracelet mobile phone, therefore, the company can have their own set of customers. However, since, it can be also inferred that this type of product is not present in the market of Australia. For this reason, the company will be able to create a radical innovation or a monopolistic competition in the market segment (Fao.org, 2015). 4.2 Competition The organization Johnson Group will face a tough challenge from all the competitors in the market, even though the product of the company is unique and caters the blue ocean segment of the market. The main reason behind this is that customers prefer mobiles with advanced and suitable technologies. Companies like Apple, Samsung, HTC, Sony, etc are already present in the business segment of Australia. The marketing mix of the product will depend how intense competition the company will face. This can be further explained with the help of perceptual mapping of the product (Starcevic, 2013). The product W-plus will mainly cater the youths of the society. Therefore, it can be inferred that if the company keeps a high pricing strategy, it will face competition from the high street products and if the company keeps a low pricing strategy, it will face competition from the low street companies. However, it can be said that there are no bracelet mobile phones present in the market segment. Therefore, the company will be able to create a monopoly market in the market segment for a couple of years if the company aims only on innovation. 5.0 Marketing mix The marketing mix of the product can be explained with the help of 4Ps of marketing. These are product, price, promotion and place. 5.1 Product The overall classification of the product can be done in several ways. These are size and shape, packaging, colour, level of quality, durability, core competencies and brand name. Size and shape- The overall size of the product is extremely small and acts as a unique bracelet of the product. Since the product is aimed to cater the youths of the society, the shape of the product is oval shaped and is curvy (Kim, 2013). Packaging- The packaging of the product will be driven by innovation of the product. It will be of several colours and the company logo will be present in the extreme left end of the company. Furthermore, the overall packaging will be done in such a way that no competitors can easily imitate the product Colour- The product will comprise of four different colours. These are black, blue, brown and purple. This is mainly because the product will be used to cater the youths of the society. All the selected four colours are known as the colours of youth (Meng, 2012). Level of Quality- The product will be of high quality as it caters the niche market segments of the products. Quality is driven by a better innovation for any business organization. Therefore, the company needs to keep the quality standards very high in order to attract a wide range of customers. Durability- The business organization Johnson Group needs to keep the product durable in nature according to the industry standards. It has been often seen that many innovative products are not that much durable in nature (Arokiasamy, 2012).Therefore, the product development team of the company have an important role to play to make the product as much as durable and present it to the customers. Core competencies- The product W-plus has several core or unique competencies that have made the product innovative in nature. The first core competency of the product is that it is a unique product that can act as a bracelet as well. Apart from this, the product has a 3-in-1 feature that will attract the customers towards the product. These are the major competencies of the product W-plus. Brand name- The organization is new; therefore, it does not have a brand name. 5.2 Price The target market of the product is the youths of the society in the domestic segment of Australia. Therefore, the price of the product will be $300. It cannot be classified as a high street product or a low street product. It lies somewhere in between. Adding to this, if the product is successful in the market and if the demand is more, then the company may think to increase the prices. The company may follow and implement hit and run pricing strategy (Meng, 2012). 5.3 Promotion There are several promotional tools that can be used and implemented by the organization Johnson Group. The company needs to depend upon the word of mouth strategy to market its products as it is a start up company. Therefore, it can create and implement a viral marketing process through social media tools. Moreover, the company can also implement traditional promotional strategies through electronic media and print media. Apart from this, the organization Johnson Group can also go for sponsoring activities in the field of sporting events (Aaker, 2013). This will help the company to create an extensive viral marketing of its product W-plus. 5.4 Place The initial place of launching the product will be the local market of Australia. The company is an Australian based company and it has designed its products primarily based on the segments of the local markets. However, if the product is successful, then the company may extent its products globally (Starcevic, 2013). 6.0 Financial plan Financial planning is very important for every business organization. The business organization Johnson Group needs to utilize its financial resources in order to launch the product successfully in the market.. The business organization needs to opt for various sources of funds in the financial market. The source of funds can be in the form of short term source of funds and long term source of funds. The Johnson group can also infer source of funds from the long term source of funds (Kim, 2013). These can be in the form of loans of commercial and financial institutions, asset back loans, funds of secondary markets, etc. Apart from this, source of funds can also be in the form of equity and debt instruments. Equity can be the form of ownership interest and capital and debt instruments can be in the form of loans. The company can also go merchant bankers and venture capitalists. However, both these source of funds have several disadvantages (Arokiasamy, 2012). In terms of equity, the biggest disadvantage is that the organization may have to dilute its stake. On the contrary, in terms of debt instruments, the company faces financial leverage risk. After evaluating the appropriate source of funds, the organization may prepare the financial statements for the first year. These statements can be in the form of cost sheet, profit and loss account, cash budget, cash flow statements and balance sheet statements. The cost sheet statements can be evaluated as the following:- Statement of costs Indirect expenses 55000 Direct expenses 45000 Prime costs 100000 Office and administration expenses 200000 Selling and distribution expenses 100000 Total costs 400000 Table 1: Cost sheet statement (Source: Created by Author) The above cost sheet statement infers that the total costs incurred for the first financial year after the product is launched in the market. The cash budget of the organization for the first financial year is as follows:- Cash budget Total receipts 475000 Total payments 400000 Profit/loss of the year 75000 Table 2: Cash budget of the company (Source: Created by Author) The cash budget of the company reflects the target costs of the company with reference to the profits that can be obtained. This type of budgeting tool will help the company to evaluate the forecasted costs of the business organization. It is assumed that the organization will be in profits within the first year itself. Profit and loss account Sales 475000 Less: Gross profit 275000 Less: Operating expenses 100000 Operating profit 100000 Less: interest and taxes 25000 Profit after tax 75000 Table 3: Profit and loss account (Source: Created by Author) Cash flow statements Cash from investment activities 200000 Cash from financing activities 25000 Cash from operating activities 25000 Closing cash balance 150000 Table 4: Cash flow statements (Source: Created by Author) All the above figures and tables suggest that the business organization will be in profits after the first financial year. The cash flow statements reflect the projected cash inflows and cash outflows for the first financial year (Birt, 2013). The projected profit and loss statement reflects the total income and expenditure for the first year. Overall, it can be inferred that the break-even point of the product will be touched and surpassed with the first year itself. Adding to this, the business organization will try to match up with the financial plan evaluated and this will further help the company to nullify the variances in the cost. 7.0 Critical risks There are various risks that the start up company Johnson Group. These risks can be in the form of systematic risks and unsystematic risks. The systematic risks can be the risks existing in the market. The market risks can be classified in the form of inflation, unemployment, government policies, environmental issues, etc. The unsystematic risks are known as the business risks that exist within the business environment. These risks are related to leverage risks, credit risks, liquidity risks, risk of competitors, etc (Starcevic, 2013). The organization needs to minimize and nullify all these risks in order sustain its product in the market. Conclusion From the above business plan, it can be deduced that the start up company needs to evaluate several marketing strategies and financial strategies before launching its new product W-plus. The organization needs to evaluate the business audit in the very first stage before the actual launch. This will direct the company to reach to their desired goals and objectives. Reference List Books Aaker, D. (2013). Marketing research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Birt, I. (2013). Writing your plan for small business success. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. Journals Arokiasamy, A. (2012). The Effect of Marketing Mix and Customer Perception on Brand Loyalty. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 4(2), pp.1-11 Fletcher, R. (2012). Revisiting the marketing mix at the bottom of pyramid (BOP): from theoretical considerations to practical realities. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(7), pp.507-520. Fuchs, S. (2012). Type 2C protein phosphatases in plants. FEBS Journal, 280(2), pp.681-693. Haag, A. (2013). Writing a Successful Business Plan: An Overview. Workplace Health Safety, 61(1), pp.19-29. Kim, K. (2013). A Case Study Concerning the Strategic Plan: V2020 of Chosun University. SJBM, 1(4), p.43. Lagarde, F. (2013). Socratic Questioning Applied to Social Marketing. Social Marketing Quarterly Limongi, R. (2013). To plan or not to plan? An analysis of the impact of planning on the disbanding or growth of Brazilian start-ups. IJESB, 18(3), p.349. Menegaki, A. (2012). A social marketing mix for renewable energy in Europe based on consumer state(Meng, 2012).d preference surveys. Renewable Energy, 39(1), pp.30-39. Meng, S. (2012). Measuring E-Marketing Mix Elements for Online Business. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 3(3), pp.13-26. Myrna, J. (2012). A rolling stone gathers no moss: prevent your strategic plan from stagnating. Business Strategy Series, 13(3), pp.136-142 Starcevic, S. (2013). Research of brand personality concept in marketing. Marketing, 44(2), pp.149-172 Websites Fao.org, (2015). Chapter 8: Product Decisions. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/W5973E/w5973e0c.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2015]. Pamorama.net, (2015) The Role of Color in Marketing | Pamorama. [online] Available at: